Cash and cash equivalents, the most liquid assets in most companies, are those that can be quickly converted into cash for use. Therefore, such assets are used in managing current operations, liquidating short-term liabilities, and providing financial stability. Cash and cash equivalents incorporate, apart from real currency, highly liquid investments, including Treasury bills, money market funds, and short-term bonds, that, within a short period of time-usually three months or less-can easily be converted to cash.
What is Cash and Cash Equivalents?
Cash and cash equivalents compose an essential part of many financial statements and frequently appear on a balance sheet as current assets. Cash includes bank deposits or currency held by a business in banks, while cash equivalents represent short-term, highly liquid investments that can be readily sold to generate cash with minimal likelihood of price variance. They are an essential asset managed by companies to meet their current and urgent monetary needs on time, without allowing room for any form of delay or risk.
Examples of cash and cash equivalents include:
- Cash in hand
- Demand deposits in banks
- Treasury bills
- Money market funds
- Commercial paper
Cash and Cash Equivalents Formula
Cash and cash equivalents are very important in the analysis of a company’s liquidity. Businesses track these assets so they can figure out their ability to cover short-term liabilities. The formula to compute cash and cash equivalents is as follows:
Formula:
Cash and Cash Equivalents = Cash in hand + Bank deposits + Cash equivalents
This calculation helps businesses assess their liquidity, ensuring they have sufficient funds available to manage operations and unexpected expenses.
Types of Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are divided into two main categories: actual cash and cash equivalents. Each category encompasses different forms of liquid assets that businesses use for day-to-day operations, managing short-term obligations, and ensuring financial liquidity. Understanding these types is crucial for maintaining a company’s financial health and meeting accounting standards.
Actual Cash
Cash actual refers to the most liquid state of assets where, at any time, there is liquidation for a business to satisfy its financial requirements. They are
- Cash in Hand: This means the actual cash available at the company’s premises. It would consist of banknotes and coins kept in safes, cash registers, or petty cash boxes. In general, a business uses cash in hand for minimal expenditures on day-to-day activities, like office stationery, employee expense reimbursement, or any other cost carried out during day-to-day operations.
- Bank Deposits: Bank deposits consist of the amount of money that a business is holding in a checking account, savings account, or other demand deposit accounts with financial institutions. They can be used for immediate purposes to pay suppliers, pay payroll, or repay loans. They are highly liquid, as one can withdraw his funds without any restrictions or penalties.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents are short-term investments with very good liquidity and extremely high convertibility into cash in any period not longer than three months. Investments that do not expose the business to a risk of significant value fluctuation can be easily liquidated within a short period to make funds available at all times for use. The main types of cash equivalents include:
Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
These are short-term debt securities issued by the government and usually carry maturities of a few days to one year. T-bills are regarded as among the safest investments because they are backed by the government. Therefore, they can easily be sold in the secondary market or kept to maturity, hence offering liquidity with little risk.
Money Market Funds
These are investment organizations that invest in short-term, high-quality debt securities such as T-bills, certificates of deposit, and commercial paper. Money market funds seek capital preservation with a nearly stable return; money market funds may thus be regarded as quite safe as well as liquid investments for companies. Companies can withdraw their money from money market funds at any given time, and that makes money market funds equal to cash.
Commercial Paper
Commercial paper includes short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by large, creditworthy corporations to meet their short-term liabilities, such as accounts payable, wages, and other expenses. These paper typically matures in less than 270 days. While it offers higher returns than other government securities that include T-bills, it is still regarded as a relatively low-risk investment, particularly when issued by financially sound companies.
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
Certificates of deposit are time deposits provided by banks and other financial institutions that generate a fixed rate of interest for a certain time. However, even though most CDs have maturity dates greater than three months, only short-term CDs that mature within 90 days are considered cash equivalents. These are very secure and guarantee a return but are less liquid than T-bills or commercial paper because of the penalty attached to early withdrawal.
Repos
It is a repurchase agreement in which the seller of a security agrees to sell the security, usually government bonds, and to buy it at a predetermined price and date. A repurchase agreement is considered to be one of the lowest-risk short-term borrowing agreements used by financial institutions to raise funds very quickly. This is regarded as cash equivalent because of its highly liquid and relatively short duration.
Bankers Acceptances
Bankers acceptances are short-term debt obligations covered by a bank. Banker acceptances are used in international trade, where the exporters and importers use these instruments to guarantee payments. It is highly liquid and traded in the secondary market at a discount that enables businesses to convert these into cash quickly.
Difference Between Cash and Cash Equivalents
While the terms “cash” and “cash equivalents” are often used interchangeably, there are distinct differences between the two:
| Feature | Cash | Cash Equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Physical currency or bank deposits | Short-term investments |
| Liquidity | Immediately liquid | Highly liquid but not immediately accessible |
| Risk | Zero risk | Minimal risk due to price fluctuations |
| Maturity Period | No maturity | Generally, less than 90 days |
| Examples | Cash in hand, demand deposits | Treasury bills, commercial paper |
Purpose of Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents serve several crucial purposes for businesses, ensuring that a company remains solvent and can meet its obligations. The key purposes include:
- Liquidity Management: There must be enough liquidity to cover the normal running of day-to-day business costs, and this incorporates the payment of suppliers and employees among other operational expenses.
- Debt Servicing: Cash is paid against debts, both short-term and long-term.
- Investment Opportunities: Companies have to have cash to exploit growth opportunities such as mergers and acquisitions or expansion.
- Emergency Funds: Companies maintain some reserves in cash for the unforeseen, and this stabilizes them in times of financial difficulty.
Exclusion From Cash and Cash Equivalents
Not all liquid assets qualify as cash equivalents. Some financial instruments, despite their liquidity, are excluded due to their higher risk or longer maturity. The key exclusions include:
- Equity Investments: Stocks and shares, even if highly liquid, are not considered cash equivalents due to the volatility of the stock market.
- Long-Term Investments: Bonds or securities that mature beyond three months are excluded, as they don’t meet the criterion of short-term liquidity.
- Accounts Receivable: While receivables are expected to be converted into cash, they don’t qualify as cash equivalents because their liquidity depends on customers making payments on time.
- Inventory: Although it represents a company’s assets, inventory is not considered liquid because it must be sold before being converted into cash.
Conclusion
Cash and cash equivalents are critical indicators of a company’s financial health and liquidity. These assets enable businesses to meet their short-term obligations, respond to opportunities, and navigate economic uncertainties. By maintaining a strong cash position, companies ensure stability and growth, while minimizing financial risks.
Cash and Cash Equivalents FAQs
Why are cash equivalents important for businesses?
Cash equivalents provide businesses with the liquidity necessary to cover short-term liabilities and seize opportunities without needing to liquidate long-term investments.
Are accounts receivable part of cash and cash equivalents?
No, accounts receivable are not part of cash and cash equivalents. They represent money owed to the company, not funds currently available.
Can equity investments be considered cash equivalents?
No, equity investments such as stocks are excluded due to their high price volatility, which makes them unsuitable as cash equivalents.
What is the difference between cash and accounts payable?
Cash refers to liquid assets the company holds, while accounts payable are obligations or amounts the company owes to its creditors.
What qualifies an investment as a cash equivalent?
For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent, it must be short-term (maturity of 90 days or less), highly liquid, and carry minimal risk of price fluctuation.
