An Overview of the Antarctic Treaty

This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Antarctic Treaty . It covers the year of signing, the initial 12 signatory countries, its expansion over the years, its function, and its purpose. It also sheds light on the controversial issue of mining in the continent as natural resources like oil are increasingly depleting.

The article also briefly discusses India's involvement with the Antarctic Treaty, the nature of research investigations India is conducting, and the importance of this topic in the UPSC Prelims and Mains examinations.

Importance in UPSC Prelims/Mains

The Antarctic Treaty is an essential topic for UPSC aspirants as it forms part of the GS Paper 2, which covers Foreign Relations and International Affairs. The Prelims stage of UPSC consists of two papers, both of which are objective in nature.

The Mains stage of UPSC consists of nine papers, out of which seven are counted for the final ranking. Questions related to the Antarctic Treaty are likely to appear in Paper 3; General Studies 2 (GS-2): International Relations. The IAS Mains examination, taken by students who qualify in the Prelims, contains subjective-type questions.

Most commonly, questions revolve around the impact of climate change on Antarctica. The topic of International Relations, which includes the Antarctic Treaty , is an important area that students need to prepare for.

Current Developments

The Antarctic Treaty has been highly effective in addressing a variety of challenges. An increasing number of countries are showing interest in conducting scientific projects in Antarctica. Currently, 54 countries are parties to the treaty, thanks to advancements in technology and the growing concern over climate change.

An increasing number of countries are staking claims in the region. The possibility of mining has sparked considerable debate in recent years. While mining activities are currently banned in the region, there is a possibility that countries may push to lift the ban in the future as critical resources like oil start to deplete.

India's Involvement

India became a party to the treaty in 1983. Since then, it has shown keen interest in the ecological, geographical, geological, and biodiversity aspects of the region. India has also established various research facilities to investigate these aspects.

Dakshin Gangotri was India’s first scientific research base station in Antarctica. Antarctica holds significant scientific value for Indian research, particularly in the context of global warming. India continues to contribute to scientific advancements in the region by regularly drilling into the Antarctic ice sheets.

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Purpose of the Antarctic Treaty

The Antarctic Treaty of 1961 was designed to ensure that Antarctica remained free of any international disputes and was used strictly for peaceful purposes. The treaty stipulates that Antarctica should be utilized solely for the benefit of mankind. Its primary provisions include the prohibition of military activities, nuclear tests, and the disposal of radioactive waste. However, it encourages scientific research and data exchange, as long as they are conducted in accordance with international norms related to Antarctica. All territorial claims or assertions of sovereignty are suspended. The treaty was signed in 1959 but came into effect on June 23, 1961.

The Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is the governing body that regulates international relations concerning Antarctica, the only continent in the world without a human population. The treaty designates Antarctica as a scientific preserve and prohibits military activity on the continent. All human activities on the continent are regulated through this treaty to ensure safe and environmentally friendly visits by travellers.

The treaty applies to areas south of 60 degrees south latitude, including land and ice shelves.

Conclusion

The Antarctic Treaty marked a significant shift in international relations concerning Antarctica, a continent with no local human population. The treaty ensures that Antarctica remains free from territorial disputes, minimizing potential conflicts between nations. The treaty also ensured the demilitarization of the continent and made provisions for joint research and potential use.

The prohibition of nuclear testing and the disposal of radioactive wastes set a precedent for environmentally friendly practices. Nations are encouraged to exercise prudence and cooperation to prevent conflicts from escalating.