Exploring the Magnificence of Hoysala Temples

In recent news, the Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala, the renowned Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid, and Somanathapur in Karnataka, have achieved the prestigious honor of being added to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list. 

Fig: Keshava Temple

This article is helpful for students preparing for the UPSC CSE Exam. If you want more help to study for the exam, you can join UPSC Coaching.

Why In News

This momentous inclusion marks the 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site in India, signifying the rich cultural and historical significance of these architectural marvels. These temples, which have been on UNESCO's Tentative list since April 15, 2014, join the ranks of other heritage sites in Karnataka that have received this distinguished recognition, including Hampi (1986) and Pattadakal (1987). This article delves into the captivating world of Hoysala temples, their historical importance, architectural brilliance, and the Hoysala dynasty that gave birth to these remarkable structures.

Key Facts About the Hoysala Temples

Chennakeshava Temple in Belur

• Historical Significance: The Chennakeshava Temple in Belur was constructed by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana in 1116 AD to commemorate his victory over the Cholas.
• Location: Belur, situated on the banks of the Yagachi River, was one of the capitals of the Hoysala Empire.
• Architectural Marvel: This star-shaped temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and stands as the central temple in the Belur temple complex.

Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid

• Grandeur of Shiva: The Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid is perhaps the largest Shiva temple built by the Hoysalas.
• Mythological Depictions: The temple's sculptures vividly portray various aspects of Shiva, scenes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Bhagavata Purana.
• Complex Beauty: Halebid houses a walled complex with three Jaina basadi (temples) from the Hoysala period and a striking stepped well.

Keshava Temple of Somanathapur

• Dedication to Lord Krishna: The Keshava Temple in Somanathapur is a magnificent Trikuta Temple dedicated to Lord Krishna in three forms: Janardhana, Keshava, and Venugopala.
• Idol Status: The main Keshava idol is missing, and the Janardhana and Venugopala idols have suffered some damage over time.

Fig: Akkana Basadi

Key Facts about Hoysala Architecture

Architectural Brilliance

The Hoysala Temples were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries CE, showcasing the unique architectural and artistic brilliance of the Hoysala dynasty. All three Hoysala temples are protected monuments of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Architectural Elements

The Hoysala temples are distinguished by their remarkable architectural features, including:

• Mantapa: These temples feature a central pillared hall where rituals and ceremonies were conducted.
• Vimana: The towering spire or tower above the sanctum sanctorum, often adorned with intricate carvings.
• Sculpture: Exquisite carvings depicting gods, goddesses, mythological scenes, and intricate details on temple walls and pillars.

Architectural Characteristics

• Hoysala temples are renowned not only for their architectural marvels but also as repositories of the cultural and historical heritage of the Hoysala dynasty.
• They are often described as having a hybrid or vesara style, with influences from both dravida and nagara architectural traditions.
• The architecture uniquely blends the Bhumija style prevalent in Central India, the Nagara traditions of northern and western India, and the Karnataka Dravida modes favored by the Kalyani Chalukyas.
• These temples are characterized by multiple shrines grouped around a central pillared hall, forming intricate star-shaped layouts.
• The use of soapstone, a relatively soft stone, allowed artists to carve intricate sculptures, especially evident in the jewelry adorning the temple walls.

Fig: Hoysala Temple

Hoysala Dynasty: Origin and Legacy

Origin and Rise

• The Hoysala dynasty ruled over areas spanning Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for over three centuries, with Sala as the dynasty's founder.
• The dynasty's capital was established in Dorasamudra (present-day Halebid) in about 1060.

Political History

• Initially, the Hoysalas were feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, also known as the Western Chalukya Empire.
• Notable rulers of the Hoysala dynasty include Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II, and Veera Ballala III.
• Vishnuvardhana, also known as Bittideva, is regarded as the greatest king of the Hoysala dynasty.

Religion and Culture

• The Hoysala dynasty fostered a tolerant and pluralistic society, patronizing various religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism.
• King Vishnuvardhana initially followed Jainism but later converted to Vaishnavism under the influence of the saint Ramanuja.

Significance of Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala

The sacred ensembles of the Hoysalas, constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries, represent a unique blend of architectural styles and cultural influences. While maintaining a fundamental Dravidian morphology, they exhibit substantial influences from the Bhumija style prevalent in Central India, the Nagara traditions of northern and western India, and the Karnataka Dravida modes favored by the Kalyani Chalukyas.

World Heritage Listing Significance

When a site is listed on the World Heritage List, it signifies exceptional cultural or natural significance to humanity. This recognition brings increased awareness and appreciation for heritage preservation among both citizens and governments. Countries with listed sites may also receive financial assistance and expert guidance from the World Heritage Committee to safeguard these precious sites.

Currently, there are 1,172 World Heritage Sites in 166 countries worldwide. Some renowned examples include the Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal, the Grand Canyon, and the Great Barrier Reef.

Conclusion

The inclusion of the Hoysala temples in the UNESCO World Heritage List is a testament to the enduring cultural and historical significance of these magnificent structures. As architectural marvels that transcend time, these temples provide a glimpse into the artistic brilliance and religious diversity of the Hoysala dynasty. Their rich carvings and intricate designs continue to captivate and inspire visitors from around the world, making them a source of pride for India and a treasure for all of humanity.

Testbook offers complete study notes for different competitive exams. People trust Testbook because it has the best quality products. Live tests, practice exams, helpful content, and videos about general knowledge and current affairs can be found. To learn more about UPSC and UGC NET subjects, get the Testbook App now!