This article delves into the key aspects of Koeppen’s Climate Classification in detail with a specific focus on Group E & H Climates. The information provided herein will be beneficial for aspirants preparing for competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, banking PO, state civil services exams, and others.
An Introduction to Group E Climates
- Group E climates are primarily influenced by the polar and arctic air masses that are prevalent in high latitudes, specifically above 60° North and South.
Understanding Polar Climates (E)
- Polar climates are typically found in areas beyond 70° latitude towards the poles.
- There are two distinct types of Polar climates:
- Tundra (ET)
- Ice Cap (EF)
Tundra Climate (ET): A Closer Look
- The Tundra climate, denoted as ET, is named after the unique vegetation that thrives in this climate, including lichens, mosses, and a variety of flowering plants.
- Regions that experience this climate include but are not limited to Mount Kilimanjaro, Greenland, and parts of Siberia.
- These regions are characterized by permafrost, where the subsoil remains permanently frozen.
- Due to waterlogging and a short growing season, only low-growing plants can survive.
- The tundra regions experience a prolonged period of daylight during the summer months.
Ice Cap Climate (EF): A Detailed Analysis
- The Ice Cap climate, denoted as EF, can be found in the interiors of Greenland and Antarctica.
- Other regions that experience this climate include the North Pole, South Pole, and certain high-altitude areas in the Himalayas.
- The temperature in these regions remains below the freezing point, even during the summer.
- These regions receive minimal precipitation.
- The accumulated ice and snow, under increasing pressure, deform and break into pieces, which then move as icebergs in the Arctic and Antarctic waters.
Exploring Highland Climates (H)
- Highland climates, denoted as Group H, encompass all highland areas that do not fit into other climate types.
- The climate in these regions is largely determined by the topography.
- In high mountains, drastic changes in average temperature can occur over short distances.
- The type and intensity of precipitation can also vary significantly across highland regions.
- There is a vertical zonation or layering of climatic types with elevation in the mountain environment.
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