Schools of Buddhism: A Deep Dive into the Many Paths to Enlightenment

The Schools of Buddhism, with their rich history and diverse interpretations, provide numerous gateways for spiritual seekers to experience the teachings of Buddha. The quintessential teaching in Buddhism is that suffering is an inherent part of life, but it can be overcome by following a path of mental and moral development. 

Understanding the Schools of Buddhism is of immense relevance to UPSC aspirants. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) frequently asks questions about ancient Indian philosophies, including Buddhism, in its Civil Services Examination (CSE). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the 'Schools of Buddhism,' their origin, and key principles can significantly enhance an aspirant's preparation.

This article delves into the varied and fascinating world of the 'Schools of Buddhism', providing a detailed exploration of their origins, key principles, and unique characteristics.

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About Schools of Buddhism

The schools of Buddhism are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism that have existed from ancient times up to the present. The classification and nature of various doctrinal, philosophical, or cultural facets of the schools of Buddhism is vague. It has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc., that have made up or currently make up the whole of Buddhist traditions. 

Origin of Schools of Buddhism

The origin of the various Schools of Buddhism lies in the rich historical narrative that succeeded the passing of Gautama Buddha around 483 BCE. This section, focusing on the 'Origin of Schools of Buddhism,' would enlighten us about the circumstances that led to the formation of these diverse traditions. The major schools of Buddhism are as follows:

• Theravada Buddhism
• Mahayana Buddhism
• Vajrayana Buddhism

Learn more about the difference between hinayana and mahayana!

Three Major Schools of Buddhism

While there are many different schools of Buddhism, the three most widely recognized are Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Way of the Elders" or "The Ancient Teaching." Theravada Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as recorded in the Pali Canon. Theravada Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve arhatship. This means liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism is the most widely practiced school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Great Vehicle." Mahayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Mahayana sutras. Mahayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood. It means to attain the state of complete enlightenment.

Vajrayana Buddhism

Vajrayana Buddhism is the most esoteric school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Diamond Way" or "The Secret Mantra Tradition." Vajrayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Vajrayana tantras. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible. This is through the use of powerful mantras and rituals.

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Other Schools of Buddhism

In addition to the three major schools of Buddhism, there are many other schools that have emerged over the centuries. These schools include:

• Nichiren Buddhism - This Japanese school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Nichiren Daishonin (1222-1282). Nichiren Buddhism emphasizes the Nam-myoho-renge-kyo chant as the path to enlightenment. 
• Pure Land Buddhism - This Japanese school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Shinran (1173-1262). Pure Land Buddhism emphasizes the saving power of Amitabha Buddha. He is said to preside over a Pure Land (Sukhavati) where all beings can be reborn and achieve enlightenment. 
• Tibetan Buddhism - This school of Buddhism is practiced in Tibet, Mongolia, and other parts of the Himalayas. Tibetan Buddhism is a synthesis of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism. 
• Zen Buddhism - This school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Chan Buddhism in China. This was later transmitted to Japan as Zen. Zen Buddhism emphasizes meditation and the attainment of satori (sudden enlightenment). 

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Difference Between Mahayana, Hinayana & Vajrayana Buddhism

The key differences between Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana Buddhism are given in the table below.

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