Sanchi Stupa: Background and Architectural Features of the Great Stupa of Sanchi

The Sanchi Stupa is situated in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It stands as a timeless monument to Buddhist architecture and religious fervor. Its serene presence and intricate designs attract visitors from all over the world. It offers a glimpse into ancient India's cultural and spiritual heritage.

The Sanchi Stupa is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the Art & Culture subject in the Mains General Studies Paper-1 syllabus. 

This article will delve into the historical background, architectural features, and key facts about the Sanchi Stupa.

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About the Great Stupa of Sanchi

The Great Stupa of Sanchi is one of the oldest and most well-preserved stupas in India. The Sanchi Stupa is located atop a hill in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a testament to the enduring legacy of Buddhism in the region.

Historical Background of the Sanchi Stupa

The historical background of the Sanchi Stupa is intertwined with India's ancient history and religious heritage. Here are some key points:

Shunga Period (2nd Century BCE)

• The Sanchi Stupa was originally commissioned during the Shunga period in the 2nd century BCE.
• It was built under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. He was a devout Buddhist ruler who played a significant role in the spread of Buddhism across the Indian subcontinent.
• The stupa was initially constructed as a simple brick structure to enshrine the relics of Buddha.

Renovations and Expansions

• Over the centuries, the Sanchi Stupa underwent several renovations and expansions. It reflected the changing architectural styles and religious practices.
• During the subsequent centuries, rulers such as the Satavahanas, Kushanas, and Guptas contributed to its embellishment.

Rediscovery and Restoration

• The Sanchi Stupa remained abandoned and in a state of disrepair for many centuries. It was rediscovered by British archaeologist General Taylor in the 19th century.
• Subsequent efforts were made to restore and conserve the stupa.

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Architectural Features of Sanchi Stupa

The architectural features of the Sanchi Stupa showcase the craftsmanship of ancient Indian artisans. Here are some notable aspects:

Hemispherical Dome

• The Sanchi Stupa features a hemispherical dome mounted on a square base. It symbolizes the cosmic Mount Meru in Buddhist cosmology.
• The dome is constructed of solid brickwork and rises to a considerable height. This makes it a prominent landmark in the surrounding landscape.

Toranas and Pillars

• Surrounding the stupa are intricately carved toranas (gateway arches) and pillars. These are adorned with scenes from the life of Buddha, Jataka tales, and various Buddhist motifs.
• These toranas and pillars serve both decorative and symbolic purposes. They provide visitors with insight into Buddhist iconography and teachings.

Railing and Gateways

• The stupa is enclosed by a railing with four ornate gateways at each cardinal direction. These are known as toranas.
• Each gateway is adorned with elaborate carvings depicting stories from Buddha's life. These serve as portals to the sacred space within the stupa.

Stupa 2 and Other Structures

• In addition to the Great Stupa, the Sanchi complex also includes other stupas, monasteries, and temples. These date back to different periods of Indian history.
• Stupa 2, located nearby, is another important monument known for its intricate carvings and historical significance.

Sanchi Stupa - Key Facts for UPSC

• Sanchi Stupa is the oldest Buddhist site in India. It has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1989.
• The stupa is believed to house the relics of Lord Buddha. This makes it a pilgrimage site for Buddhists all over the world.
• The stupa underwent significant expansion in the 2nd century BC, during the reign of the Shunga dynasty.
• The architectural style of the Sanchi Stupa reflects the influence of various dynasties. This includes the Mauryas, Shungas, and Satavahanas.
• The intricate carvings on the toranas depict important events from the life of Lord Buddha. It serves as a visual narrative of Buddhist teachings.

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Conclusion

The Great Stupa of Sanchi stands as a testament to India's rich cultural and religious heritage. Its architectural splendor and historical significance make it a must-visit destination for enthusiasts of ancient history and Buddhism.

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